Publications: PROF Greg Towers

Newton LS, Gathmann C, Ridewood S, Smith RJ, Wijaya AJ, Hornsby TW, Morling KL, Annett D et al. ( 2025 ) . Macrocycle-based PROTACs selectively degrade cyclophilin A and inhibit HIV-1 and HCV . Nature Communications vol. 16 , ( 1 )

Morling KL, ElGhazaly M, Milne RSB, Towers GJ ( 2025 ) . HIV capsids: orchestrators of innate immune evasion, pathogenesis and pandemicity . Journal of General Virology vol. 106 , ( 1 )

Fox T, Hunt BJ, Ariens RAS, Towers GJ, Lever R, Garner P, Kuehn R ( 2024 ) . Systematic reviews of clinical laboratory studies: Pilot risk of bias tool developed by consensus . Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods vol. 2 , ( 8 )

Walter J, Milne R, Towers GJ ( 2024 ) . Art and science: not as different as you think . The Biochemist vol. 46 , ( 3 ) 17 - 24 .

Pingitore V, Pancholi J, Warne J, Pryce G, McCormick LJ, Hill J, Bhosale G, Peng J et al. ( 2024 ) . Delocalized quinolinium-macrocyclic peptides, an atypical chemotype for CNS penetration . Science Advances vol. 10 , ( 28 )

Sumner RP, Blest H, Lin M, Maluquer de Motes C, Towers GJ ( 2024 ) . HIV-1 with gag processing defects activates cGAS sensing . Retrovirology vol. 21 , ( 1 )

Faysal KR, Walsh JC, Renner N, Márquez CL, Shah VB, Tuckwell AJ, Christie MP, Parker MW et al. ( 2024 ) . Pharmacologic hyperstabilisation of the HIV-1 capsid lattice induces capsid failure . eLife vol. 13 ,

Dickson CF, Hertel S, Tuckwell AJ, Li N, Ruan J, Al-Izzi SC, Ariotti N, Sierecki E et al. ( 2024 ) . The HIV capsid mimics karyopherin engagement of FG-nucleoporins . Nature vol. 626 , ( 8000 ) 836 - 842 .

Reuschl A-K, Thorne LG, Whelan MVX, Ragazzini R, Furnon W, Cowton VM, De Lorenzo G, Mesner D et al. ( 2024 ) . Evolution of enhanced innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants . Nature Microbiology vol. 9 , ( 2 ) 451 - 463 .

Bouhaddou M, Reuschl A-K, Polacco BJ, Thorne LG, Ummadi MR, Ye C, Rosales R, Pelin A et al. ( 2023 ) . SARS-CoV-2 variants evolve convergent strategies to remodel the host response . Cell vol. 186 , ( 21 ) 4597 - 4614.e26 .

Mesner D, Reuschl A-K, Whelan MVX, Bronzovich T, Haider T, Thorne LG, Ragazzini R, Bonfanti P et al. ( 2023 ) . SARS-CoV-2 evolution influences GBP and IFITM sensitivity . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 120 , ( 5 )

Zuliani-Alvarez L, Govasli ML, Rasaiyaah J, Monit C, Perry SO, Sumner RP, McAlpine-Scott S, Dickson C et al. ( 2022 ) . Evasion of cGAS and TRIM5 defines pandemic HIV . Nature Microbiology vol. 7 , ( 11 ) 1762 - 1776 .

Cantoni D, Murray MJ, Kalemera MD, Dicken SJ, Stejskal L, Brown G, Lytras S, Coey JD et al. ( 2022 ) . Evolutionary remodelling of N‐terminal domain loops fine‐tunes SARS‐CoV‐2 spike . EMBO Reports vol. 23 , ( 10 )

Fajgenbaum DC, Hayday AC, Rogers AJ, Towers GJ, Wack A, Zanoni I ( 2022 ) . Anti-type I interferon antibodies as a cause of severe COVID-19 . Faculty Reviews vol. 11 ,

Thorne LG, Bouhaddou M, Reuschl A-K, Zuliani-Alvarez L, Polacco B, Pelin A, Batra J, Whelan MVX et al. ( 2022 ) . Publisher Correction: Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 . Nature vol. 604 , ( 7905 ) e14 - e14 .

Thorne LG, Bouhaddou M, Reuschl A-K, Zuliani-Alvarez L, Polacco B, Pelin A, Batra J, Whelan MVX et al. ( 2021 ) . Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 . Nature vol. 602 , ( 7897 ) 487 - 495 .

Dixon CR, Malik P, de las Heras JI, Saiz-Ros N, de Lima Alves F, Tingey M, Gaunt E, Richardson AC et al. ( 2021 ) . STING nuclear partners contribute to innate immune signaling responses . iScience vol. 24 , ( 9 )

Thorne LG, Reuschl A, Zuliani‐Alvarez L, Whelan MVX, Turner J, Noursadeghi M, Jolly C, Towers GJ ( 2021 ) . SARS‐CoV‐2 sensing by RIG‐I and MDA5 links epithelial infection to macrophage inflammation . The EMBO Journal vol. 40 , ( 15 )

Thorne LG, Bouhaddou M, Reuschl A-K, Zuliani-Alvarez L, Polacco B, Pelin A, Batra J, Whelan MVX et al. ( 2021 ) . Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 UK variant .

Reuschl A-K, Thorne LG, Zuliani-Alvarez L, Bouhaddou M, Obernier K, Hiatt J, Soucheray M, Turner J et al. ( 2021 ) . Host-directed therapies against early-lineage SARS-CoV-2 retain efficacy against B.1.1.7 variant .

Khan H, Sumner RP, Rasaiyaah J, Tan CP, Rodriguez-Plata MT, Van Tulleken C, Fink D, Zuliani-Alvarez L et al. ( 2020 ) . HIV-1 Vpr antagonizes innate immune activation by targeting karyopherin-mediated NF- κB/IRF3 nuclear transport . eLife vol. 9 ,

Miles RJ, Kerridge C, Hilditch L, Monit C, Jacques DA, Towers GJ ( 2020 ) . MxB sensitivity of HIV-1 is determined by a highly variable and dynamic capsid surface . eLife vol. 9 ,

Colpitts CC, Ridewood S, Schneiderman B, Warne J, Tabata K, Ng CF, Bartenschlager R, Selwood DL et al. ( 2020 ) . Hepatitis C virus exploits cyclophilin A to evade PKR . eLife vol. 9 ,

Zuliani-Alvarez L, Towers GJ ( 2019 ) . Identifying a nuclear passport for HIV . eLife vol. 8 ,

Fletcher AJ, Vaysburd M, Maslen S, Zeng J, Skehel JM, Towers GJ, James LC ( 2018 ) . Trivalent RING Assembly on Retroviral Capsids Activates TRIM5 Ubiquitination and Innate Immune Signaling . Cell Host & Microbe vol. 24 , ( 6 ) 761 - 775.e6 .

Petrillo C, Thorne LG, Unali G, Schiroli G, Giordano AMS, Piras F, Cuccovillo I, Petit SJ et al. ( 2018 ) . Cyclosporine H Overcomes Innate Immune Restrictions to Improve Lentiviral Transduction and Gene Editing In Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells . Cell Stem Cell vol. 23 , ( 6 ) 820 - 832.e9 .

Tie CH, Fernandes L, Conde L, Robbez‐Masson L, Sumner RP, Peacock T, Rodriguez‐Plata MT, Mickute G et al. ( 2018 ) . KAP1 regulates endogenous retroviruses in adult human cells and contributes to innate immune control . EMBO Reports vol. 19 , ( 10 )

Mallery DL, Márquez CL, McEwan WA, Dickson CF, Jacques DA, Anandapadamanaban M, Bichel K, Towers GJ et al. ( 2018 ) . IP6 is an HIV pocket factor that prevents capsid collapse and promotes DNA synthesis . eLife vol. 7 ,

Georgana I, Sumner RP, Towers GJ, de Motes CM ( 2018 ) . Virulent Poxviruses Inhibit DNA Sensing by Preventing STING Activation . Journal of Virology vol. 92 , ( 10 ) 10.1128/jvi.02145 - 10.1128/jvi.02117 .

Ahsan F, Gardner QA, Rashid N, Towers GJ, Akhtar M ( 2017 ) . Preventing the N-terminal processing of human interferon α-2b and its chimeric derivatives expressed in Escherichia coli . Bioorganic Chemistry vol. 76 , 294 - 302 .

Mlcochova P, Caswell SJ, Taylor IA, Towers GJ, Gupta RK ( 2017 ) . DNA damage induced by topoisomerase inhibitors activates SAMHD1 and blocks HIV‐1 infection of macrophages . The EMBO Journal vol. 37 , ( 1 ) 50 - 62 .

Sumner RP, Thorne LG, Fink DL, Khan H, Milne RS, Towers GJ ( 2017 ) . Are Evolution and the Intracellular Innate Immune System Key Determinants in HIV Transmission? . Frontiers in Immunology vol. 8 ,

Mlcochova P, Sutherland KA, Watters SA, Bertoli C, de Bruin RA, Rehwinkel J, Neil SJ, Lenzi GM et al. ( 2017 ) . A G1‐like state allows HIV‐1 to bypass SAMHD1 restriction in macrophages . The EMBO Journal vol. 36 , ( 5 ) 604 - 616 .

Jimenez-Moyano E, Ruiz A, Kløverpris HN, Rodriguez-Plata MT, Peña R, Blondeau C, Selwood DL, Izquierdo-Useros N et al. ( 2016 ) . Nonhuman TRIM5 Variants Enhance Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Cells by CD8+ T Cells . Journal of Virology vol. 90 , ( 19 ) 8552 - 8562 .

Jacques DA, McEwan WA, Hilditch L, Price AJ, Towers GJ, James LC ( 2016 ) . HIV-1 uses dynamic capsid pores to import nucleotides and fuel encapsidated DNA synthesis . Nature vol. 536 , ( 7616 ) 349 - 353 .

Culley S, Towers GJ, Selwood DL, Henriques R, Grove J ( 2016 ) . Infection Counter: Automated Quantification of in Vitro Virus Replication by Fluorescence Microscopy . Viruses vol. 8 , ( 7 )

Warne J, Pryce G, Hill JM, Shi X, Lennerås F, Puentes F, Kip M, Hilditch L et al. ( 2015 ) . Selective Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Protects against Neurodegeneration in Experimental Multiple Sclerosis* . Journal of Biological Chemistry vol. 291 , ( 9 ) 4356 - 4373 .

Monit C, Goldstein RA, Towers G, Hué S ( 2015 ) . Positive Selection Analysis of Overlapping Reading Frames Is Invalid . AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses vol. 31 , ( 10 ) 947 - 947 .

Fletcher AJ, Christensen DE, Nelson C, Tan CP, Schaller T, Lehner PJ, Sundquist WI, Towers GJ ( 2015 ) . TRIM5α requires Ube2W to anchor Lys63‐linked ubiquitin chains and restrict reverse transcription . The EMBO Journal vol. 34 , ( 15 ) 2078 - 2095 .

Guiliano DB, Fussell H, Lenart I, Tsao E, Nesbeth D, Fletcher AJ, Campbell EC, Yousaf N et al. ( 2014 ) . Endoplasmic Reticulum Degradation–Enhancing α‐Mannosidase–like Protein 1 Targets Misfolded HLA–B27 Dimers for Endoplasmic Reticulum–Associated Degradation . Arthritis & Rheumatology vol. 66 , ( 11 ) 2976 - 2988 .

Ferguson D, Mattiuzzo G, Ham C, Stebbings R, Li B, Rose NJ, Mee ET, Smith D et al. ( 2014 ) . Early Biodistribution and Persistence of a Protective Live Attenuated SIV Vaccine Elicits Localised Innate Responses in Multiple Lymphoid Tissues . PLOS ONE vol. 9 , ( 8 )

Towers GJ, Noursadeghi M ( 2014 ) . Interactions between HIV-1 and the Cell-Autonomous Innate Immune System . Cell Host & Microbe vol. 16 , ( 1 ) 10 - 18 .

Mlcochova P, Watters SA, Towers GJ, Noursadeghi M, Gupta RK ( 2014 ) . Vpx complementation of ‘non-macrophage tropic’ R5 viruses reveals robust entry of infectious HIV-1 cores into macrophages . Retrovirology vol. 11 , ( 1 )

Hilditch L, Towers GJ ( 2014 ) . A model for cofactor use during HIV-1 reverse transcription and nuclear entry . Current Opinion in Virology vol. 4 , ( 100 ) 32 - 36 .

Chan E, Towers GJ, Qasim W ( 2014 ) . Gene Therapy Strategies to Exploit TRIM Derived Restriction Factors against HIV-1 . Viruses vol. 6 , ( 1 ) 243 - 263 .

Rasaiyaah J, Tan CP, Fletcher AJ, Price AJ, Blondeau C, Hilditch L, Jacques DA, Selwood DL et al. ( 2013 ) . HIV-1 evades innate immune recognition through specific cofactor recruitment . Nature vol. 503 , ( 7476 ) 402 - 405 .

Blondeau C, Pelchen-Matthews A, Mlcochova P, Marsh M, Milne RSB, Towers GJ ( 2013 ) . Tetherin Restricts Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Is Antagonized by Glycoprotein M . Journal of Virology vol. 87 , ( 24 ) 13124 - 13133 .

Bichel K, Price AJ, Schaller T, Towers GJ, Freund SM, James LC ( 2013 ) . HIV-1 capsid undergoes coupled binding and isomerization by the nuclear pore protein NUP358 . Retrovirology vol. 10 , ( 1 )

Rehwinkel J, Maelfait J, Bridgeman A, Rigby R, Hayward B, Liberatore RA, Bieniasz PD, Towers GJ et al. ( 2013 ) . SAMHD1‐dependent retroviral control and escape in mice . The EMBO Journal vol. 32 , ( 18 ) 2454 - 2462 .

Kløverpris HN, Stryhn A, Harndahl M, Payne R, Towers GJ, Chen F, Riddell L, Walker BD et al. ( 2013 ) . HLA-Specific Intracellular Epitope Processing Shapes an Immunodominance Pattern for HLA-B*57 That Is Distinct from HLA-B*58:01 . Journal of Virology vol. 87 , ( 19 ) 10889 - 10894 .

Fletcher AJ, Towers GJ ( 2013 ) . Inhibition of Retroviral Replication by Members of the TRIM Protein Family . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology vol. 371 , 29 - 66 .

Di Pietro A, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Oteiza A, Nicora L, Towers GJ, Mechti N, Vicenzi E ( 2013 ) . TRIM22 Inhibits Influenza A Virus Infection by Targeting the Viral Nucleoprotein for Degradation . Journal of Virology vol. 87 , ( 8 ) 4523 - 4533 .

Kløverpris HN, Payne RP, Sacha JB, Rasaiyaah JT, Chen F, Takiguchi M, Yang OO, Towers GJ et al. ( 2012 ) . Early Antigen Presentation of Protective HIV-1 KF11Gag and KK10Gag Epitopes from Incoming Viral Particles Facilitates Rapid Recognition of Infected Cells by Specific CD8+ T Cells . Journal of Virology vol. 87 , ( 5 ) 2628 - 2638 .

Mattiuzzo G, Rose NJ, Almond N, Towers GJ, Berry N ( 2012 ) . Upregulation of TRIM5α gene expression after live-attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccination in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, but TRIM5α genotype has no impact on virus acquisition or vaccination outcome . Journal of General Virology vol. 94 , ( Pt_3 ) 606 - 611 .

Kløverpris H, Payne R, Sacha J, Chen F, Rasaiyaah J, Towers G, Goulder P, Prado J ( 2012 ) . Early presentation of HIV-1 KF11Gag and KK10Gag protective epitopes facilitate rapid CD8+ T cell activation and killing of virus infected cells . Retrovirology vol. 9 , ( Suppl 2 )

Price AJ, Fletcher AJ, Schaller T, Elliott T, Lee K, KewalRamani VN, Chin JW, Towers GJ et al. ( 2012 ) . CPSF6 Defines a Conserved Capsid Interface that Modulates HIV-1 Replication . PLOS Pathogens vol. 8 , ( 8 )

Chan E, Schaller T, Eddaoudi A, Zhan H, Tan CP, Jacobsen M, Thrasher AJ, Towers GJ et al. ( 2012 ) . Lentiviral Gene Therapy Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, Using a Novel Human TRIM21-Cyclophilin A Restriction Factor . Human Gene Therapy vol. 23 , ( 11 ) 1176 - 1185 .

Tomlinson GS, Booth H, Petit SJ, Potton E, Towers GJ, Miller RF, Chain BM, Noursadeghi M ( 2012 ) . Adherent Human Alveolar Macrophages Exhibit a Transient Pro-Inflammatory Profile That Confounds Responses to Innate Immune Stimulation . PLOS ONE vol. 7 , ( 6 )

Jáuregui P, Crespo H, Glaria I, Luján L, Contreras A, Rosati S, de Andrés D, Amorena B et al. ( 2012 ) . Ovine TRIM5α Can Restrict Visna/Maedi Virus . Journal of Virology vol. 86 , ( 17 ) 9504 - 9509 .

Caines MEC, Bichel K, Price AJ, McEwan WA, Towers GJ, Willett BJ, Freund SMV, James LC ( 2012 ) . Diverse HIV viruses are targeted by a conformationally dynamic antiviral . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology vol. 19 , ( 4 ) 411 - 416 .

Hughes R, Towers G, Noursadeghi M ( 2012 ) . Innate immune interferon responses to Human immunodeficiency virus‐1 infection . Reviews in Medical Virology vol. 22 , ( 4 ) 257 - 266 .

Sauter D, Hué S, Petit SJ, Plantier J-C, Towers GJ, Kirchhoff F, Gupta RK ( 2011 ) . HIV-1 Group P is unable to antagonize human tetherin by Vpu, Env or Nef . Retrovirology vol. 8 , ( 1 )

Schaller T, Ocwieja KE, Rasaiyaah J, Price AJ, Brady TL, Roth SL, Hué S, Fletcher AJ et al. ( 2011 ) . HIV-1 Capsid-Cyclophilin Interactions Determine Nuclear Import Pathway, Integration Targeting and Replication Efficiency . PLOS Pathogens vol. 7 , ( 12 )

Berry NJ, Marzetta F, Towers GJ, Rose NJ ( 2011 ) . Diversity of TRIM5α and TRIMCyp sequences in cynomolgus macaques from different geographical origins . Immunogenetics vol. 64 , ( 4 ) 267 - 278 .

Mattiuzzo G, Ham C, Ferguson D, Rose N, Cranage M, Almond N, Towers G, Berry N ( 2011 ) . Anti-retroviral innate immune responses in multiple lymphoid tissues elicited by protective live attenuated SIV vaccination . Retrovirology vol. 8 , ( Suppl 2 )

Dietrich I, McMonagle EL, Petit SJ, Víjayakríshnan S, Logan N, Chan CN, Towers GJ, Hosie MJ et al. ( 2011 ) . Feline tetherin (BST-2) restricts feline immunodeficiency virus release but not spreading infection . Retrovirology vol. 8 , ( Suppl 2 )

Towers G ( 2011 ) . HIV, cyclophilins and nuclear entry: going under the radar . Retrovirology vol. 8 , ( Suppl 2 )

Petit SJ, Blondeau C, Towers GJ ( 2011 ) . Analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 M group Vpu domains involved in antagonizing tetherin . Journal of General Virology vol. 92 , ( 12 ) 2937 - 2948 .

Katzourakis A, Hué S, Kellam P, Towers GJ ( 2011 ) . Phylogenetic Analysis of Murine Leukemia Virus Sequences from Longitudinally Sampled Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients Suggests PCR Contamination Rather than Viral Evolution . Journal of Virology vol. 85 , ( 20 ) 10909 - 10913 .

Berry N, Ham C, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Mattiuzzo G, Jenkins A, Page M, Elsley W et al. ( 2011 ) . Early Potent Protection against Heterologous SIVsmE660 Challenge Following Live Attenuated SIV Vaccination in Mauritian Cynomolgus Macaques . PLOS ONE vol. 6 , ( 8 )

Dietrich I, McMonagle EL, Petit SJ, Vijayakrishnan S, Logan N, Chan CN, Towers GJ, Hosie MJ et al. ( 2011 ) . Feline Tetherin Efficiently Restricts Release of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus but Not Spreading of Infection . Journal of Virology vol. 85 , ( 12 ) 5840 - 5852 .

Sakuma T, Hué S, Squillace KA, Tonne JM, Blackburn PR, Ohmine S, Thatava T, Towers GJ et al. ( 2011 ) . No evidence of XMRV in prostate cancer cohorts in the Midwestern United States . Retrovirology vol. 8 , ( 1 )

Gray ER, Garson JA, Breuer J, Edwards S, Kellam P, Pillay D, Towers GJ ( 2011 ) . No Evidence of XMRV or Related Retroviruses in a London HIV-1-Positive Patient Cohort . PLOS ONE vol. 6 , ( 3 )

Ocwieja KE, Brady TL, Ronen K, Huegel A, Roth SL, Schaller T, James LC, Towers GJ et al. ( 2011 ) . HIV Integration Targeting: A Pathway Involving Transportin-3 and the Nuclear Pore Protein RanBP2 . PLOS Pathogens vol. 7 , ( 3 )

Garson JA, Kellam P, Towers GJ ( 2011 ) . Analysis of XMRV integration sites from human prostate cancer tissues suggests PCR contamination rather than genuine human infection . Retrovirology vol. 8 , ( 1 )

McCormick AL, Parry CM, Crombe A, Goodall RL, Gupta RK, Kaleebu P, Kityo C, Chirara M et al. ( 2011 ) . Impact of the N348I Mutation in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase on Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance in Non-Subtype B HIV-1 . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy vol. 55 , ( 4 ) 1806 - 1809 .

Hué S, Gray ER, Gall A, Katzourakis A, Tan CP, Houldcroft CJ, McLaren S, Pillay D et al. ( 2010 ) . Disease-associated XMRV sequences are consistent with laboratory contamination . Retrovirology vol. 7 , ( 1 )

Mallery DL, McEwan WA, Bidgood SR, Towers GJ, Johnson CM, James LC ( 2010 ) . Antibodies mediate intracellular immunity through tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 107 , ( 46 ) 19985 - 19990 .

Fletcher AJ, Hué S, Schaller T, Pillay D, Towers GJ ( 2010 ) . Hare TRIM5α Restricts Divergent Retroviruses and Exhibits Significant Sequence Variation from Closely Related Lagomorpha TRIM5 Genes . Journal of Virology vol. 84 , ( 23 ) 12463 - 12468 .

Ylinen LMJ, Price AJ, Rasaiyaah J, Hué S, Rose NJ, Marzetta F, James LC, Towers GJ ( 2010 ) . Conformational Adaptation of Asian Macaque TRIMCyp Directs Lineage Specific Antiviral Activity . PLOS Pathogens vol. 6 , ( 8 )

Gupta RK, Kohli A, McCormick AL, Towers GJ, Pillay D, Parry CM ( 2010 ) . Full-length HIV-1 Gag determines protease inhibitor susceptibility within in-vitro assays . AIDS vol. 24 , ( 11 ) 1651 - 1655 .

Pardieu C, Vigan R, Wilson SJ, Calvi A, Zang T, Bieniasz P, Towers GJ ( 2010 ) . The RING-CH Ligase K5 Antagonizes Restriction of KSHV and HIV-1 Particle Release by Mediating Ubiquitin-Dependent Endosomal Degradation of Tetherin . PLOS Pathogens vol. 6 , ( 4 )

Gupta RK, Towers GJ ( 2010 ) . Ultra Structural Characterisation of Tetherin - a Protein Capable of Preventing Viral Release from the Plasma Membrane . Viruses vol. 2 , ( 4 ) 987 - 994 .

Gupta RK, Mlcochova P, Pelchen-Matthews A, Petit SJ, Mattiuzzo G, Pillay D, Takeuchi Y, Marsh M et al. ( 2009 ) . Simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein counteracts tetherin/BST-2/CD317 by intracellular sequestration . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 106 , ( 49 ) 20889 - 20894 .

Tsang J, Chain BM, Miller RF, Webb BL, Barclay W, Towers GJ, Katz DR, Noursadeghi M ( 2009 ) . HIV-1 infection of macrophages is dependent on evasion of innate immune cellular activation . AIDS vol. 23 , ( 17 ) 2255 - 2263 .

Gupta RK, Towers GJ ( 2009 ) . A Tail of Tetherin: How Pandemic HIV-1 Conquered the World . Cell Host & Microbe vol. 6 , ( 5 ) 393 - 395 .

Price AJ, Marzetta F, Lammers M, Ylinen LMJ, Schaller T, Wilson SJ, Towers GJ, James LC ( 2009 ) . Active site remodeling switches HIV specificity of antiretroviral TRIMCyp . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology vol. 16 , ( 10 ) 1036 - 1042 .

Parry CM, Kohli A, Boinett CJ, Towers GJ, McCormick AL, Pillay D ( 2009 ) . Gag Determinants of Fitness and Drug Susceptibility in Protease Inhibitor-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 . Journal of Virology vol. 83 , ( 18 ) 9094 - 9101 .

McEwan WA, Schaller T, Ylinen LM, Hosie MJ, Towers GJ, Willett BJ ( 2009 ) . Truncation of TRIM5 in the Feliformia Explains the Absence of Retroviral Restriction in Cells of the Domestic Cat . Journal of Virology vol. 83 , ( 16 ) 8270 - 8275 .

Gupta RK, Hué S, Schaller T, Verschoor E, Pillay D, Towers GJ ( 2009 ) . Mutation of a Single Residue Renders Human Tetherin Resistant to HIV-1 Vpu-Mediated Depletion . PLOS Pathogens vol. 5 , ( 5 )

Wood A, Webb BLJ, Bartosch B, Schaller T, Takeuchi Y, Towers GJ ( 2009 ) . Porcine endogenous retroviruses PERV A and A/C recombinant are insensitive to a range of divergent mammalian TRIM5α proteins including human TRIM5α . Journal of General Virology vol. 90 , ( 3 ) 702 - 709 .

Keckesova Z, Ylinen LMJ, Towers GJ, Gifford RJ, Katzourakis A ( 2008 ) . Identification of a RELIK orthologue in the European hare (Lepus europaeus) reveals a minimum age of 12 million years for the lagomorph lentiviruses . Virology vol. 384 , ( 1 ) 7 - 11 .

Ylinen LMJ, Schaller T, Price A, Fletcher AJ, Noursadeghi M, James LC, Towers GJ ( 2008 ) . Cyclophilin A Levels Dictate Infection Efficiency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid Escape Mutants A92E and G94D . Journal of Virology vol. 83 , ( 4 ) 2044 - 2047 .

Huthoff H, Towers GJ ( 2008 ) . Restriction of retroviral replication by APOBEC3G/F and TRIM5α . Trends in Microbiology vol. 16 , ( 12 ) 612 - 619 .

Wilson SJ, Webb BLJ, Maplanka C, Newman RM, Verschoor EJ, Heeney JL, Towers GJ ( 2008 ) . Rhesus Macaque TRIM5 Alleles Have Divergent Antiretroviral Specificities . Journal of Virology vol. 82 , ( 14 ) 7243 - 7247 .

Wilson SJ, Webb BLJ, Ylinen LMJ, Verschoor E, Heeney JL, Towers GJ ( 2008 ) . Independent evolution of an antiviral TRIMCyp in rhesus macaques . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 105 , ( 9 ) 3557 - 3562 .

Galla M, Schambach A, Towers GJ, Baum C ( 2008 ) . Cellular Restriction of Retrovirus Particle-Mediated mRNA Transfer . Journal of Virology vol. 82 , ( 6 ) 3069 - 3077 .

Schaller T, Hué S, Towers GJ ( 2007 ) . An Active TRIM5 Protein in Rabbits Indicates a Common Antiviral Ancestor for Mammalian TRIM5 Proteins . Journal of Virology vol. 81 , ( 21 ) 11713 - 11721 .

Pion M, Stalder R, Correa R, Mangeat B, Towers GJ, Piguet V ( 2007 ) . Identification of an Arsenic-Sensitive Block to Primate Lentiviral Infection of Human Dendritic Cells . Journal of Virology vol. 81 , ( 21 ) 12086 - 12090 .

Schaller T, Ylinen LMJ, Webb BLJ, Singh S, Towers GJ ( 2007 ) . Fusion of Cyclophilin A to Fv1 Enables Cyclosporine-Sensitive Restriction of Human and Feline Immunodeficiency Viruses . Journal of Virology vol. 81 , ( 18 ) 10055 - 10063 .

Towers GJ ( 2007 ) . The control of viral infection by tripartite motif proteins and cyclophilin A . Retrovirology vol. 4 , ( 1 )

Noser JA, Towers GJ, Sakuma R, Dumont J-M, Collins MKL, Ikeda Y ( 2006 ) . Cyclosporine Increases Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vector Transduction of Primary Mouse Cells . Journal of Virology vol. 80 , ( 15 ) 7769 - 7774 .

Ylinen LMJ, Keckesova Z, Webb BLJ, Gifford RJM, Smith TPL, Towers GJ ( 2006 ) . Isolation of an Active Lv1 Gene from Cattle Indicates that Tripartite Motif Protein-Mediated Innate Immunity to Retroviral Infection Is Widespread among Mammals . Journal of Virology vol. 80 , ( 15 ) 7332 - 7338 .

Keckesova Z, Ylinen LMJ, Towers GJ ( 2006 ) . Cyclophilin A Renders Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Sensitive to Old World Monkey but Not Human TRIM5α Antiviral Activity . Journal of Virology vol. 80 , ( 10 ) 4683 - 4690 .

Passerini LD, Keckesova Z, Towers GJ ( 2006 ) . Retroviral Restriction Factors Fv1 and TRIM5α Act Independently and Can Compete for Incoming Virus before Reverse Transcription . Journal of Virology vol. 80 , ( 5 ) 2100 - 2105 .

Towers GJ ( 2005 ) . Control of Viral Infectivity by Tripartite Motif Proteins . Human Gene Therapy vol. 16 , ( 10 ) 1125 - 1132 .

Ylinen LMJ, Keckesova Z, Wilson SJ, Ranasinghe S, Towers GJ ( 2005 ) . Differential Restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac by TRIM5α Alleles . Journal of Virology vol. 79 , ( 18 ) 11580 - 11587 .

Eickholt BJ, Towers GJ, Ryves WJ, Eikel D, Adley K, Ylinen LMJ, Chadborn NH, Harwood AJ et al. ( 2005 ) . Effects of Valproic Acid Derivatives on Inositol Trisphosphate Depletion, Teratogenicity, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibition, and Viral Replication: A Screening Approach for New Bipolar Disorder Drugs Derived from the Valproic Acid Core Structure . Molecular Pharmacology vol. 67 , ( 5 ) 1426 - 1433 .

Ikeda Y, Ylinen LMJ, Kahar-Bador M, Towers GJ ( 2004 ) . Influence of gag on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Species-Specific Tropism . Journal of Virology vol. 78 , ( 21 ) 11816 - 11822 .

Keckesova Z, Ylinen LMJ, Towers GJ ( 2004 ) . The human and African green monkey TRIM5α genes encode Ref1 and Lv1 retroviral restriction factor activities . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 101 , ( 29 ) 10780 - 10785 .

Besnier C, Ylinen L, Strange B, Lister A, Takeuchi Y, Goff SP, Towers GJ ( 2003 ) . Characterizationof Murine Leukemia Virus Restriction inMammals . Journal of Virology vol. 77 , ( 24 ) 13403 - 13406 .

Towers GJ, Hatziioannou T, Cowan S, Goff SP, Luban J, Bieniasz PD ( 2003 ) . Cyclophilin A modulates the sensitivity of HIV-1 to host restriction factors . Nature Medicine vol. 9 , ( 9 ) 1138 - 1143 .

Berthoux L, Towers GJ, Gurer C, Salomoni P, Pandolfi PP, Luban J ( 2003 ) . As2O3 Enhances Retroviral Reverse Transcription and Counteracts Ref1 Antiviral Activity . Journal of Virology vol. 77 , ( 5 ) 3167 - 3180 .

Hatziioannou T, Cowan S, Goff SP, Bieniasz PD, Towers GJ ( 2003 ) . Restriction of multiple divergent retroviruses by Lv1 and Ref1 . The EMBO Journal vol. 22 , ( 3 ) 385 - 394 .

Towers GJ, Goff SP ( 2003 ) . Post-entry restriction of retroviral infections . Aids Reviews vol. 5 , ( 3 ) 156 - 164 .

Besnier C, Takeuchi Y, Towers G ( 2002 ) . Restriction of lentivirus in monkeys . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 99 , ( 18 ) 11920 - 11925 .

Towers G, Collins M, Takeuchi Y ( 2002 ) . Abrogation of Ref1 Retrovirus Restriction in Human Cells . Journal of Virology vol. 76 , ( 5 ) 2548 - 2550 .

Bishop KN, Bock M, Towers G, Stoye JP ( 2001 ) . Identification of the Regions of Fv1 Necessary for Murine Leukemia Virus Restriction . Journal of Virology vol. 75 , ( 11 ) 5182 - 5188 .

Towers G, Bock M, Martin S, Takeuchi Y, Stoye JP, Danos O ( 2000 ) . A conserved mechanism of retrovirus restriction in mammals . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 97 , ( 22 ) 12295 - 12299 .

Bock M, Bishop KN, Towers G, Stoye JP ( 2000 ) . Use of a Transient Assay for Studying the Genetic Determinants of Fv1 Restriction . Journal of Virology vol. 74 , ( 16 ) 7422 - 7430 .

Towers GJ, Stockholm D, Labrousse‐Najburg V, Carlier F, Danos O, Pagès J ( 1999 ) . One step screening of retroviral producer clones by real time quantitative PCR . The Journal of Gene Medicine vol. 1 , ( 5 ) 352 - 359 .

Best S, Tissier PL, Towers G, Stoye JP ( 1996 ) . Positional cloning of the mouse retrovirus restriction gene Fvl . Nature vol. 382 , ( 6594 ) 826 - 829 .

Towers G, Harris J, Lang G, Collins MK, Latchman DS ( 1995 ) . Retinoic acid inhibits both the basal activity and phorbol ester-mediated activation of the HIV long terminal repeat promoter . AIDS vol. 9 , ( 2 ) 129 - 136 .

Annett D, Morling KL, Critchley BJ, Graham B, Pingitore V, Whittaker TE, Kurdi N, Warne J et al. . A modified cyclosporine enhances lentivector transduction ex vivo and in vivo by degrading IFITM3 .

Dickson CF, Hertel S, Ruan J, Ariotti N, Tuckwell A, Li N, Al-Izzi SC, Sierecki E et al. . Karyopherin mimicry explains how the HIV capsid penetrates nuclear pores .

Gathmann C, Newton LS, Ridewood S, Smith RJ, Hornsby TW, Reuschl A-K, Wijaya A, Morling KL et al. . Synthetic PROTACs based on a depsipeptide macrocycle selectively degrade cyclophilin A and inhibit HIV-1 .